Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales
Identifieur interne : 000C55 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000C54; suivant : 000C56Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales
Auteurs : Joshua J. Roering ; James W. Kirchner ; William E. DietrichSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2001-08-10.
Abstract
Soil‐mantled hillslopes are typically convex near the crest and become increasingly planar downslope, consistent with nonlinear, slope‐dependent sediment transport models. In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter ΨL to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing ΨL (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing ΨL. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.
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DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000323
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Res.</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2001-08-10">2001-08-10</date><biblScope unit="volume">106</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">B8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="16499">16499</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="16513">16513</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series><idno type="istex">C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2001JB000323</idno><idno type="ArticleID">2001JB000323</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Soil‐mantled hillslopes are typically convex near the crest and become increasingly planar downslope, consistent with nonlinear, slope‐dependent sediment transport models. In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter ΨL to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing ΨL (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing ΨL. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Joshua J. Roering</name></json:item><json:item><name>James W. Kirchner</name></json:item><json:item><name>William E. Dietrich</name></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>2001JB000323</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Soil‐mantled hillslopes are typically convex near the crest and become increasingly planar downslope, consistent with nonlinear, slope‐dependent sediment transport models. In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter ΨL to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing ΨL (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing ΨL. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.76</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 815 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>1658</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>6041</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>63395</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>15</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>230</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title><genre.original><json:string>article</json:string></genre.original><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><volume>106</volume><publisherId><json:string>JGRB</json:string></publisherId><pages><total>15</total><last>16513</last><first>16499</first></pages><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><issue>B8</issue><subject><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Geomorphology and weathering</value></json:item><json:item><value>HYDROLOGY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Erosion</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sedimentation</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sedimentation</value></json:item><json:item><value>Papers on Geodesy and Gravity Tectonophysics</value></json:item></subject><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202b</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2001JB000323</json:string></doi><id>C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><p>WILEY</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Joshua J.</forename><surname>Roering</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">James W.</forename><surname>Kirchner</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">William E.</forename><surname>Dietrich</surname></persName></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. 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In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter ΨL to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing ΨL (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing ΨL. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>index-terms</head><item><term>GLOBAL CHANGE</term></item><item><term>Geomorphology and weathering</term></item><item><term>HYDROLOGY</term></item><item><term>Erosion</term></item><item><term>Sedimentation</term></item><item><term>OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</term></item><item><term>Sedimentation</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Papers on Geodesy and Gravity Tectonophysics</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2000-06-05">Received</change><change when="2001-03-28">Registration</change><change when="2001-08-10">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/C303C5AF53434DC6F44BB02D882B889B14DE370A/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrb12759"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202b</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRB"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: SOLID EARTH">Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</title><title type="short">J. 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J.</givenNames></author>, <author><givenNames>J. W.</givenNames> <familyName>Kirchner</familyName></author>, and <author><givenNames>W. E.</givenNames> <familyName>Dietrich</familyName></author> (<pubYear year="2001">2001</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>106</vol>(<issue>B8</issue>), <pageFirst>16499</pageFirst>–<pageLast>16513</pageLast>, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2001JB000323">10.1029/2001JB000323</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRB.JGRB12759.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title><title type="shortAuthors">Roering ET AL.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="jgrb12759-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Joshua J.</givenNames><familyName>Roering</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrb12759-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>James W.</givenNames><familyName>Kirchner</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrb12759-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>William E.</givenNames><familyName>Dietrich</familyName></personName></creator></creators><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrb12759-para-0001">Soil‐mantled hillslopes are typically convex near the crest and become increasingly planar downslope, consistent with nonlinear, slope‐dependent sediment transport models. In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter Ψ<sub><i>L</i></sub> to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing Ψ<sub><i>L</i></sub> (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing Ψ<sub><i>L</i></sub>. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joshua J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Roering</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">James W.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kirchner</namePart></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">William E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dietrich</namePart></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001-08-10</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2000-06-05</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2001-03-28</dateValid><edition>Roering, J. J., J. W. Kirchner, and W. E. Dietrich (2001), Hillslope evolution by nonlinear, slope‐dependent transport: Steady state morphology and equilibrium adjustment timescales, J. Geophys. Res., 106(B8), 16499–16513, doi:10.1029/2001JB000323.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract>Soil‐mantled hillslopes are typically convex near the crest and become increasingly planar downslope, consistent with nonlinear, slope‐dependent sediment transport models. In contrast to the widely used linear transport model (in which sediment flux is proportional to slope angle), nonlinear models imply that sediment flux should increase rapidly as hillslope gradient approaches a critical value. Here we explore how nonlinear transport influences hillslope evolution and introduce a dimensionless parameter ΨL to express the relative importance of nonlinear transport. For steady state hillslopes, with increasing ΨL (i.e., as slope angles approach the threshold angle and the relative magnitude of nonlinear transport increases), the zone of hillslope convexity becomes focused at the hilltop and side slopes become increasingly planar. On steep slopes, rapid increases in sediment flux near the critical gradient limit further steepening, such that hillslope relief and slope angle are not sensitive indicators of erosion rate. Using a one‐dimensional finite difference model, we quantify hillslope response to changes in baselevel lowering and/or climate‐related transport efficiency and use an exponential decay function to describe how rapidly sediment flux and erosion rate approach equilibrium. The exponential timescale for hillslope adjustment decreases rapidly with increasing ΨL. Our results demonstrate that the adjustment timescale for hillslopes characteristic of the Oregon Coast Range and similar steep, soil‐mantled landscapes is relatively rapid (≤50 kyr), less than one quarter of the timescale predicted by the linear transport model.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. 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